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草原开垦声声起,草原大法何时行?

    ---《走过内蒙古大草原》长途纪行之八

     2002年9月25日08:42

    人类与自然破坏生态罪过的影子,在内蒙古大草原比比皆是。

    科尔沁左翼中旗与科尔沁右翼中旗,分属通辽市和兴安盟,而整片整片的贫穷小村庄,整片整片蛮荒的光草地,却又何其相似!今天,有多少"马背民族"在放"无草之牧"。

    在拥有38万蒙古族人口的科左中旗,记者一大早起床就看见66岁的金方喜坐在街头要饭。他一辈子独身,喂的20头牛也撂给人家了。

    旗府所在地一个刘姓的蒙古族女店主说:"在这儿,蒙古族是多数,不论谁,都下岗。"记者经过哈日干图和腰林毛都,看到低矮的灰土房村庄一个接一个,便要拍资料。司机说:"有啥好拍的,多的是。"   

    穿过大片沙漠疏林,进入蒙古族占90%的科右中旗。这是兴安盟第一个牧业旗(县)。记者看到云朵似的一群群数百只的羊,一队队近百头的牛,被牧民驱赶在光秃秃的草地上,顿生一种妇人做"无米之炊"的尴尬和深思。青黄不接季节,我们来到正在发"救济粮"的新佳木苏木(乡)。

    这儿离科右中旗26公里,隔着一个自然保护区,全苏木17个噶查(村),33个自然村,1301.1平方公里。在殿吉噶查,蓝天丽日下成群成群的黄牛,聚拢在树根裸露的树下直喘气儿,那情景,既古朴,又惨然。

    村头两间破土房住着开花、塞音乌力吉小姐弟俩,里面只有柜子大的两个土炕。18岁的开花,领我们去看村支书等人帮助他们新砌起的三间土房胚。她说:"父亲、母亲因病去世两三年了,哥哥在旗里打工挣不下钱。就等着秋后山上10来只山羊,剪羊绒卖钱来装门窗,哥哥也该结婚了。"

    这个光腚村不上10棵树,一家装肥的农民,扬起铁锹粪土飞扬。谁会细想,生态环境这样惩罚人类呢?

    走在草原上,到处能听到城里某某人拿钱,来开几万亩、十几万亩草原的怪事。伤痕累累的草原,如罹薄冰的草原,还经得起"开发"吗?

    许多旗县委书记诉说,内蒙古草原不断沙化退化,自然因素也好,人为因素也罢,关键是缺乏可持续发展战略意识。在以粮为纲的年代,"种草不如种粮",否定草原生态功能;后来,又提出"增草增畜",结果草越来越少,牲畜严重超载。牧区也需要发展工业,需要生态移民,但是没有象南方沿海那样雄厚的环保资金,来培育和保护新环境,最终只能是重复草原噩梦,受害的还是草原和草原的主人。

    所以,牧民屡屡呼吁:"民以食为天,畜以草为本,救救草原,不然人畜都没有活路了。"

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Beyond Great WallsBeyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grasslands of Inner Mongolia

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China's Pastoral RegionChina's Pastoral Region: Sheep and Wool, Minority Nationalities, Rangeland Degradation and Sustainable Development

Changing Inner MongoliaChanging Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State (Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology)

Grasslands and Grassland Science in Northern ChinaGrasslands and Grassland Science in Northern China: A Report of the Committee on Scholarly Communication With the People's Republic of China

The Ordos Plateau of ChinaThe Ordos Plateau of China: An Endangered Environment (Unu Studies on Critical Environmental Regions)
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